Adapted from Tafsir Ibn Ashur

Themes and purpose:

This Makkan surah is a profound consolation and strengthening for the Prophet (ﷺ). Its core purpose is to extol the Quran, lay bare the deniers’ inability to match it, and confront their turning away from the message of Monotheism to which it calls. It warns them of Allah’s anger through the recurring pattern seen in seven major messengers: Mūsā, Ibrāhīm, Nūḥ, Hūd, Ṣāliḥ, Lūṭ, and Shuʿayb: each narrative sealed with the same refrain. It further confirms the Quran by the testimony of the People of the Book, rebuts their disparagements, and declares it neither poetry nor the speech of devils, while affirming that the Messenger’s task is only to convey.

Context of Revelation:

Era: Makkan according to the majority, but some scholars claimed that parts, such as the final verses on the poets, were revealed in Madinah.

Context: It was revealed in the Makkan period to console and strengthen the Prophet (ﷺ), likely after the polytheists demanded miraculous signs. It contains the command to "warn your nearest kinsmen" [214], which authentic reports establish was the reason the Prophet (ﷺ) summoned Quraysh from the Ṣafā mount, leading to Abu Lahab’s rebuke and the subsequent revelation of Sūrat al-Masad. Al-Masad has been counted as early as 6th in order of revelation. To resolve the tension this creates concerning the order of revelation, Ibn ʿĀshūr argues that this verse likely first descended earlier as a standalone command and was later incorporated into this surah.

Chronology: It has been counted as the 47th surah in the order of revelation, revealed after Sūrat al-Wāqiʿah and before al-Naml.

Name and Ayah Count:

Name: "Sūrat al-Shuʿarā’" (The Poets). It is the only surah that mentions this word [224], where it refutes the polytheists' claim that the Prophet (ﷺ) was like the poets.

Other Names: It has also been called "Sūrat Ṭā-Sīn-Mīm" after its opening letters, and "al-Jāmiʿah" (The Comprehensive). The reason behind this latter naming is unclear; perhaps it was the first to compile the names of many messengers.

Unique Feature: A key feature is the repetition of the final refrain [9, 68, 104, 122, 140, 159, 175, 19] after every prophetic story, serving to repeatedly emphasize the lesson and as a warning to the heedless listener.

Ayah Count: 226 (Makkah/Madīnah/Baṣrah) or 227 (Shām/Kūfah).

Surah Overview:

• Praising the Quran and challenging the polytheists’ inability to produce a match for its eloquence, in response to their demand for miraculous signs. [1-4]
• Consoling the Prophet (ﷺ) regarding the disbelief and polytheism of his people and strengthening his resolve. [3]
• Affirming that Allah is Exalted in Might and Merciful, and that He will grant victory to His Messengers, as a repeated closing refrain after each narrative. It emphasizes that the evidence of Monotheism and the truthfulness of the Messengers is abundant and sufficient, yet most will not believe. [9, 68, 104, 122, 140, 159, 175, 191]
• Highlighting the struggles of seven major prophets (Moses, Abraham, Noah, Hūd, Ṣāliḥ, Lot, and Shuʿayb) as historical evidence of divine punishment for deniers. [10-189]
• Confirming the truth of the Quran and prophethood, even citing the testimony of the People of the Book. [196-197]
• Commanding the Prophet (ﷺ) to warn his closest relatives, while clarifying that his duty is only to convey. [214]
• Refuting the claims that the Quran is poetry, or from the sayings of devils. [224-226]