Imām Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597/1201) summarized the scholars' opinions in his book "Zād al-Masīr" as follows:

1. It is the Qurʾān. [Ibn Masʿūd, Mujāhid, al-Ḍaḥḥāk, Maqātil, and others]
2. It is the knowledge of the abrogating and abrogated verses of the Qurʾān, its clear and ambiguous verses, its early and later revelations, and so forth. [ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭalḥah from Ibn ʿAbbās]
3. It is prophethood. [Narrated by Abū Ṣāliḥ from Ibn ʿAbbās]
4. It is understanding of the Qurʾān. [Abū al-ʿĀliyah, Qatādah, Ibrāhīm]
5. It is knowledge and jurisprudence. [Narrated by Layth from Mujāhid]
6. It is correctness in speech. [Narrated by Ibn Abī Najīḥ from Mujāhid]
7. It is piety in the religion of Allah. [Al-Ḥasan]
8. It is fear of Allah. [Al-Rabīʿ ibn Anas]
9. It is intelligence in religious matters. [Ibn Zayd]
10. It is understanding. [Shurayk]
11. It is knowledge combined with action; a person is not considered wise unless he possesses both. [Ibn Qutaybah]