Imām Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597/1201) summarized the scholars' opinions in his book "Zād al-Masīr" as follows:

1. The Jews. [Ibn ʿAbbās]
2. The Christians. [Mujāhid]
3. The Arab polytheists. [Qatādah; al-Suddī from his teachers]

To whom does the description "those who do not know" refer in this āyah?

Imām Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597/1201) summarized the scholars' opinions in his book "Zād al-Masīr" as follows:

1.The Jews. [Ibn ʿAbbās, Mujāhid]
2. The Jews and the Christians. [Al-Suddī from his teachers]
3. The Jews, the Christians, and other disbelievers. [Qatādah]

To whom does the description "those before them" (*alladhīna min qablihim*) refer in this āyah?