Imām Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597 AH / 1201 CE) summarized the scholars' opinions in his book "Zād al-Masīr":

1. All people. [Ibn ʿAbbās]
2. Specifically the Jews. [al-Ḥasan, Mujāhid]
3. The disbelievers from among the Arab polytheists and others. [al-Suddī]
4. The hypocrites and the Jews. [Muqātil]

Imām Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597 AH / 1201 CE) summarized the scholars' opinions in his book "Zād al-Masīr":

1. Monotheism, *Tawḥīd*, (i.e. worship Allah alone). [Ibn ʿAbbās]
2. Obedience. [Ibn ʿAbbās]

What is meant by "worship" in this verse?

Imām Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597 AH / 1201 CE) summarized the scholars' opinions in his book "Zād al-Masīr":

1. It means "so that" (i.e. so that you may achieve *taqwā*). [Muqātil, Quṭrub, Ibn Kaysān]
2. It retains its original meaning of "hope" (*tarajjī*). Its meaning is: "Worship Allāh hoping to achieve righteousness (*taqwā*) and to protect (*taqū*) yourselves from the punishment of your Lord through worship." [Sībawayh]

What is the meaning of the particle *"laʿalla"* in this verse?

Majibu: Al-Baqarah 2:21