Imām Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597/1201) summarized the scholars' opinions in his book "Zād al-Masīr" as follows:

1. He was named so because he was created from the earth's surface (*adīm*). [Ibn ʿAbbās, Ibn Jubayr, al-Zajjāj] 
2. He was named so because of his reddish-brown complexion (*udmah*). [Al-Ḍaḥḥāk, al-Nadr ibn Shumayl, Quṭrub]

Why was he called Adam? What is the linguistic origin of this name?

Imām Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597/1201) summarized the scholars' opinions in his book "Zād al-Masīr" as follows:

1. Allah taught him the names of all (things). [Ibn ʿAbbās, Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, Mujāhid, Qatādah]
2. Allah taught him specific names of specific things. There are four opinions regarding what they are:
(i) The names of the angels. [Abū al-ʿĀliyah]
(ii) The names of different categories but not the categories that come under them, such as human, angel, jinn, and bird.[ʿIkrimah] 
(iii) The names of all the creatures on earth, including animals, insects, and birds. [al-Kalbī, Muqātil, Ibn Qutaybah] 
(iv) The names of his descendants. [Ibn Zayd]

What are the names that Allāh taught Adam?

Imām Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597/1201) summarized the scholars' opinions in his book "Zād al-Masīr" as follows:

1. "If you are right (to imply) that I am not creating something better and more knowledgeable than you." [al-Ḥasan] 
2. "If you are right that this creation will cause corruption on earth." [al-Suddī]