Imām Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597 AH / 1201 CE) summarized the scholars' opinions in his book "Zād al-Masīr":

1. The idols. [Ibn Zayd]
2. Men who they would obey in matters that entail disobedience to Allah. [Al-Suddī]

What does the term "rivals" (*andād*) in this verse refer to?

Imām Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597 AH / 1201 CE) summarized the scholars' opinions in his book "Zād al-Masīr":

1. "While you know" that Allāh created the heavens, sent down rain, and did what He has explained in these verses. [Ibn ʿAbbās, Qatādah, Muqātil]
2. "While you know" that this is not mentioned in your books, the Torah and the Gospel. This is based on the view that the address is to the People of the Book. [Ibn ʿAbbās]
3. "While you know" that He has no rival. [Mujāhid]
4. Knowledge here is referring to the use of reason (i.e. "While you reason") [Ibn Qutaybah]
5. "While you know" that no one besides Him is capable of doing what He mentioned here. [ʿAlī ibn ʿUbayd Allāh]
6. "While you know" that they are just stones. When they will say, "We do not know," we say to them, "Indeed you do. There is agreement that the idols are stones, and you know that Allāh created them. [Abū Muḥammad ibn al-Khashshāb]

What is meant by "while you know" in this verse?