Imām Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597/1201) summarized the scholars' opinions in his book "Zād al-Masīr" as follows:

1. To make one's belief and religion purely for God.
2. To make one's deeds sincerely for Him.

Imām Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597/1201) summarized the scholars' opinions in his book "Zād al-Masīr" as follows:

1. The Arab polytheists. They said to Muḥammad ﷺ and his companions: "You are not upon anything." [al-Suddī from his teachers]
2. The nations that existed before the Jews and Christians, such as the people of Noah, Hūd, and Ṣāliḥ. [ʿAṭāʾ]

To whom does the expression "those who do not know" refer to in this āyah?